Human Health and Diseases
Test 4

Correct answer Carries: 4.

Wrong Answer Carries: -1.

Which of the following is the mode of action of opioids?

Stimulating the release of serotonin
Binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system
Inhibiting dopamine release
Blocking histamine receptors
2

Opioids bind to specific opioid receptors in the central nervous system, producing pain relief and euphoria.

Which disease is prevented by the MMR vaccine?

Malaria, Measles, Rabies
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
Meningitis, Mumps, Ringworm
Measles, Malaria, Rotavirus
2

The MMR vaccine protects against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella.

Which type of immune cells are primarily involved in destroying virus-infected cells?

B-cells
T-cytotoxic cells
Neutrophils
Basophils
2

T-cytotoxic cells (CD8+ cells) destroy virus-infected cells by inducing apoptosis.

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a virus?

AIDS
Hepatitis B
Diphtheria
Influenza
3

Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, whereas the others are viral diseases.

Which type of T-lymphocyte suppresses immune responses to prevent excessive reactions?

Cytotoxic T-cells
Helper T-cells
Regulatory T-cells
Memory T-cells
3

Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) help suppress excessive immune responses to maintain immune system balance.

Which component of the immune system acts as the first line of defense?

T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
Skin and mucous membranes
Cytokines
3

The skin and mucous membranes act as physical barriers, providing the first line of defense against infections.

Which of the following statements about interferons is incorrect?

Interferons are produced by virus-infected cells.
Interferons help protect neighboring cells from viral infections.
Interferons are a type of antibody.
Interferons enhance immune responses.
3

Interferons are not antibodies; they are signaling proteins that help prevent viral replication.

Which of the following statements about antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is incorrect?

Macrophages can function as antigen-presenting cells.
Dendritic cells present antigens to T-lymphocytes.
Erythrocytes function as antigen-presenting cells.
APCs help initiate adaptive immune responses.
3

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) do not function as antigen-presenting cells; APCs include macrophages and dendritic cells.

Which of the following statements about vaccines is incorrect?

Vaccines help generate immunological memory.
Vaccines provide passive immunity.
Live-attenuated vaccines contain weakened pathogens.
Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxins.
2

Vaccines provide **active** immunity by stimulating the immune system, not passive immunity.

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?

AIDS
Cancer
Rheumatoid arthritis
Malaria
3

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own joints.

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